Landscape Plants Rated by Deer Resistance

 Realizing that no plant is deer proof, plants in the Rarely Damaged, and Seldom Rarely Damaged categories would be best for landscapes prone to deer damage. Plants Occasionally Severely Damaged and Frequently Severely Damaged are often preferred by deer and should only be planted with additional protection such as the use of fencing, repellents, etc. Success of any of these plants in the landscape will depend on local deer populations and weather conditions.


ANNUALS
Rarely Damaged

Ageratum houstonianum—Ageratum
Antirrhinum majus—Snapdragon
Brugmansia sp. (Datura)—Angel’s Trumpet
Calendula sp.—Pot Marigold
Catharanthus rosea—Annual Vinca
Centaurea cineraria—Dusty Miller
Cleome sp.—Spider Flower
Consolida ambigua—Larkspur
Euphorbia marginata—Snow-on-the-Mountain
Helichrysum —Strawflower
Heliotropium arborescens —Heliotrope
Lobularia maritima— Sweet Alyssum
Matricaria sp. —False Camomile
Myosotis sylvatica— Forget-Me-Not
Nicotiana sp. Flowering Tobacco
Papaver sp. Poppy
Pimpinalla anisum Anise
Rosmarinus officinalis Rosemary

Seldom Severely Damaged
Anethumus graveolens Dill
Borage officinalis Borage
Celosia sp. Cock’s Comb
Centaurea cyanus Bachelor’s Buttons
Cheiranthus sp. Wallflower
Eschscholzia californica California Poppy
Iberis umbellata Candytuft
Lantana sp. Lantana
Lobelia sp. Lobelia
Matthiola sp. Stocks
Ocimum basilicum Basil
Perilla frutescens Shiso
Petroselinum crispum Parsley
Salvia Salvia
Tagetes patula French Marigold
Tropaeolum majus Nasturtium
Verbena x hybrida Verbena
Zinnia sp. Zinnia

Occasionally Severely Damaged
Begonia semperflorens Wax Begonia
Coleus sp. Coleus
Cosmos sp. Cosmos
Dahlia sp. Dahlia
Gerbera jamesonii Gerbera Daisy
Helianthus sp. Sunflower
Impatiens balsamina Balsam, Touch-Me-Not
Impatiens walleriana Impatiens
Ipomea sp. Morning Glory
Pelargonium sp. Geranium
Petunia sp. Garden Petunia
Viola sp. Pansy

BIENNIALS
Rarely Damaged

Digitalis purpurea Common Foxglove
Seldom Severely Damaged
Dianthus barbatus Sweet William
Lunaria annua Money Plant
Myosotis alpestris Forget-Me-Not
Occasionally Severely Damaged
Campanula medium Canterbury Bells

BULBS
Rarely Damaged
Allium sp. Ornamental Onion
Colchicum sp. Autumn Crocus
Endymion sp. Bluebell
Eranthus hyemalis Winter Aconite
Fritilaria imperialis Crown Imperial, Fritilia
Galanthus nivalis Snowdrops
Narcissus sp. Daffodil
Scilla siberica Siberian Squill

Seldom Severely Damaged
Camassia leichtlini Camassia
Canna sp. Canna Lily
Colocasia esculenta Elephant Ear
Crocus sp. Crocus
Gladiolus sp. Gladiolus
Gloriosa superba Glory Lily
Hyacinthus sp. Hyacinth
Muscari sp. Grape Hyacinth
Oxalis sp. Wood Sorrel
Zantedeschia sp. Calla Lily
Occasionally Severely Damaged
Caladium sp. Caladium
Lilium sp. Garden Lily
Frequently Severely Damaged
Tulip sp. Tulip


FERNS
Rarely Damaged
Athyrium goeringianum Japanese Painted Fern
(nipponicum)
Cyrtomium falcatum Holly Fern
Dennstaedtia punctilobula Hayscented Fern
Dryopteris marginalis Wood Fern
Matteuccia struthiopteris Ostrich Fern
Onoclea sensibilis Sensitive Fern
Osmunda cinnamomea Cinnamon Fern
Osmunda regalis Royal Fern
Polystichum arcostichoides Christmas Fern
Thelyptens noveboracensis New York Fern

GROUNDCOVERS
Rarely Damaged
Aegopodium podagaria Bishop’s Weed
Ajuga reptans Bugleweed
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Bearberry
Convallaria majalis Lily of the Valley
Epimediurn sp. Barrenwort
Galium odoratum (Asperula Sweet Woodruff
odorata)
Lamium sp. Spotted Deadnettle
Pachysandra procumbens Allegheny Spurge
Pachysandra terminalis Pachysandra
Seldom Severely Damaged
Ceratostigma plumbaginoides Plumbago
Gaultheria procumbens Creeping Wintergreen
Liriope sp. Lilyturf
Vinca major Large Periwinkle
Vinca minor Periwinkle
Occasionally Severely Damaged
Euonymus fortunei Wintercreeeper
Hedera helix English Ivy

ORNAMENTAL GRASSES
Rarely Damaged
Acorus sp. Japanese Sweet Flag
Andropogon sp. Big Bluestem
Arrhenatherum elatius Varigated Oat Grass
Arundo donax Giant Reed
Calamagrostis sp. Feather Reed Grass
Carex sp. Japanese Sedge
Chasmanthium latifolium Northern Sea Oats
Cortaderia selloana Pampus Grass
Eragrostus curvula Weeping Love Grass
Erianthus ravennae Ravenna Grass
Fargesia sp. Clump Bamboo
Festuca glauca Blue Fescue
Hakonechloa macra Hakonechloa
Helictotrichon sempervirens Blue Oat Grass
Imperata cylindrica Japanese Blood Grass
Juncus Effusus Hard Rush
Koeleria glauca Large Blue June Grass
Leymus arenarius glaucous Lyme Grass
Miscanthus floridulis Giant Japanese Silver Grass
Miscanthus sinensis Japanese Silver Grass
Molinia caerulea Purple Moor Grass
Molinia caerulea ‘Variegata’ Variegated Purple Moor Grass
Panicum virgatum Switch Grass
Pennisetum alopecuroides Fountain Grass
Pennisetum orientale Oriental Fountain Grass
Phyllostachys aurea Golden Bamboo
Schizachyrium scoparium Little Bluestem
Sorghastrum nutans Indian Grass
Seldom Severely Damaged
Bambusa sp. Bamboo
Carex pendula Drooping Sedge
Hystrix patula Bottlebrush Grass
Ophiopogon japonicus Dwarf Mondo Grass
Phalaris arundinaceae Ribbon Grass
Scirpus lacustris Sedge

PERENNIALS
Rarely Damaged
Aconitum sp. Monkshood
Agastache sp. Anise Hyssop
Allium sp. Ornamental Onion
Arabis caucasica Rock-Cress
Arisaema triphylum Jack-in-the-pulpit
Armoracia rusticana Horseradish
Artemisia dracunculus Tarragon
Artemisia sp. Silver Mound
Asarum canadense Wild Ginger
Asarum europaeum European Ginger
Aubretia deltoidea Purple Rock-Cress
Aurinia saxatilis Basket of Gold
Baptisia australis False Indigo
Bruneria macrophylla Siberian Bugloss
(Brunnera)
Cactaceae sp. Cactus
Coreopsis verticillata Threadleaf Coreopsis
Corydalis sp. Corydalis
Dicentra eximia Fringed Bleeding Heart
Dicentra spectabilis Bleeding Heart
Echinops ritro Small Globe Thistle
Euphorbia sp. (except Spurge
‘Chameleon’)
Helleborus sp. Lenton or Christmas Rose
Hesperis matronalis Dame’s Rocket
Hyssopus officinalis Hyssop
Iris sp. (may eat buds) Iris
Lavandula sp. Lavendar
Ligularia dentata Bigleaf Goldenray
Ligularia ‘The Rocket’ Rocket Ligularia
Limonium latifolium Statice
Linaria vulgaris Butter & Eggs
Lychnis coronaria Rose Campion
Majorana Marjoram
Marrubium vulgare Horehound
Melissa officinalis Lemon Balm
Mentha sp. Mint
Myosotis sp. Forget-Me-Not
Nepeta sp. Catmint
Oreganum sp. Oregano
Paeonia sp. (may eat buds) Peony
Perovskio atriplicifolia Russian Sage
Phlomis sp. Greek Jerusalem Sage
Podophyllum May Apple
Potentilla sp. Potentilla, Cinquefoil
Pulmonaria sp. Lungwort
Ranunculus sp. Buttercup
Rodgersia sp. Rodgers Flower
Ruta sp. Rue
Salvia officinalis Garden Sage
Santolina chamaecyparissus Lavender-Cotton
Stachys byzantina Lamb’s Ear
Tanacetum vulgare Common Tansy
Teucrium Chamaedrys Germander
Thalictrum sp. Meadow Rue
Thymus sp. Thyme
Yucca filimentosa Yucca


Seldom Severely Damaged
Achillea filipendulina Yarrow
Achillea millefolium Common Yarrow
Agapanthus sp. African Lily
Alchemilla sp. Ladys’ Mantle
Anchusa sp. Bugloss
Anemone x hybrida Japanese Anemone
Anemonella thalictroides Rue Anemone
Aquilegia sp. Columbine
Armeria maritima Sea Thrift
Asclepias incarnata Swamp Milkweed
Asclepias tuberosa Butterfly Weed
Asparagus officinalis Asparagus
Aster sp. Aster
Astilbe sp. Astilbe
Bergenia sp. Heartleaf Bergenia
Boltonia asteroides White Boltonia
Cerastium Snow-in-Summer
Chrysanthemum parthenium Feverfew
Cimcifuga sp. Snakeroot, Bugbane
Coreopsis lanceolata Lance Coreopsis
Croscosmia sp. Crocosmia
Cyclamen sp. Cyclamen
Delphinium sp. Delphinium
Dianthus sp. Carnation, Pinks
Dictamus alba Gas Plant
Digitalis grandiflora Yellow Foxglove
Echinacea purpurea Purple Coneflower
Erythronium Trout Lily
Eupatorium coelestinurn Mist Flower
Eupatorium rugosum White Snakeroot
Geranium macrorrhizum Hardy Geranium
Gypsophila sp. Baby’s Breath
Helenium autumnale Sneezeweed
Heuchera sp. Coralbells
Hypericum calycinum St. John’s Wort
Iberis sempervirens Candytuft
Kirengeshoma palmata Yellow Wax-Bells
Kniphofia tritoma Red-Hot Poker
Liatris sp. Blazing Star
Lobelia sp. Cardinal Flower
Lupinus sp. Lupine
Lychnis chalcedonica Maltese Cross
Macleaya cordata Plume Poppy
Mertensia virginica Virginia Bluebells
Monarda didyma Beebalm
Papaver orientale Oriental Poppy
Patrinia scabiosifolia Patrinia
Physostegia sp. Obedient Plant
Polemonium caeruleum Jacob’s Ladder
Primula sp. Primrose
Rheum rhabarbarum Rhubarb
Rudbeckia sp. Black-Eyed Susan
Salvia nemorosa Meadow Sage
Saponaria sp. Soapwort
Satureja montana Savory
Scabiosa caucasica Pincushin Flower
Sempervivum sp. Hens and Chickens
Solidago sp. Goldenrod
Stokesia laevis Stokes’ Aster
Symplocarpos foetidus Skunk Cabbage
Tiarella cordifolia Foam Flower
Tradescantia sp. Spiderwort
Tricyrtis hirta Toad Lily
Trillium sp. Trillium
Verbascum sp. Mullein
Veronica sp. Speedwell
Viola sp. Violets


Occasionally Severely Damaged
Alcea sp. Hollyhock
Aruncus sp. Goat’s Beard
Begonia grandis Hardy Begonia
Bellis perennis English Daisy
Campanula glomerata Bellflower
Centaurea montana Mountain Bluet
Chelone sp. Pink Turtlehead
Chrysanthemum Fall Mums
Chrysanthemum superbum Shasta Daisy
Erigeron sp. Fleabane
Euphorbia dulcis ‘Chameleon’ Spurge
Filipendula sp. Meadowsweet
Gaillardia sp. Blanket Flower
Geranium clarkei Hardy Geranium
Geranium sanguineum Hardy Geranium
Geranium x cantabrigiense Hardy Geranium
Geum sp. Geum, Avens
Hemerocallis sp. Daylily
Hibiscus moscheutos Rose Mallow
Leucanthemum maximum Shasta Daisy
Lysimachia clethroides Gooseneck Loosestrife
Lythrum sp. Purple Loosestrife
Oenethera sp. Sundrops
Penstemon sp. Penstemon
Phlox sp. Phlox
Platycodon grandiflorus Balloon Flower
Polygonatum sp. Solomon’s Seal
Sedum spectabile Showy Sedum
Sidalcia malviflora Checkermallow
Symphytum officinale Comfrey
Trollius sp. Globeflower
Frequently Severely Damaged
Eryngium sp. Sea-Holly
Fragraria sp. Strawberry
Geranium endressii Hardy Geranium
Hosta sp. Hosta
Pardancanda x norrisii Candy Lily


SHRUBS
Rarely Damaged
Aralia spinosa Devil’s Walking Stick
Berberis sp. Barberry
Buddleia sp. Butterfly Bush
Buxus sempervirens Common Boxwood
Calliuna sp. Heather
Caryopteris clandonensis Blue Mist Shrub
Cephalotaxus harringtonia Japanese Plum Yew
Cytisus sp. Broom
Daphne sp. Daphne
Elaeagnus angustifolia Russian Olive
Erica sp. Heath
Ilex x ‘John T. Morris’ John T. Morris Holly
Ilex x ‘Lydia Morris’ Lydia Morris Holly
Juniperus horizontalis ‘Prince Prince of Wales Juniper
of Wales’
Juniperus scopulorum Moonglow Juniper
‘Moonglow’
Leucothoe fontanesiana Drooping Leucothoe
Mahonia aquifolium Oregon Grape Holly
Mahonia bealei Leatherleaf Mahonia
Microbiota decussata Russian Cypress
Myrica pensylvanica Bayberry
Pieris floribunda Mountain Pieris
Pieris japonica Japanese Pieris, Andromeda
Potentilla fruticosa Bush Cinquefoil
Rhus aromatica Fragrant Sumac
Sambucus racemosa Red Elderberry
Sarcoccoca hookeriana Sweet Box
Skimmia japonica Japanese Skimmia
Viburnum dentatum Arrowwood Viburnum


Seldom Severely Damaged
Abelia sp. Glossy Abelia
Abies balsamea Dwarf Balsam Fir
Andromeda polifolia Bog Rosemary
Aronia arbutifolia Red Chokeberry
Aucuba japonica Goldust Plant
Callicarpa sp. Beautyberry
Calycanthus floridus Common Sweetshrub
Calycanthus occidentalis California Sweetshrub
Chaenomeles japonica Japanese Flowering Quince
Clerodendrum fargesii Harlequin Glorybower
Clethra sp. Sweet Pepperbush
Cornus alba Red Twigged Dogwood
Cornus sericea Red Osier Dogwood
Corylus sp. Hazelnut
Cotinus coggygria Smokebush
Cotoneaster apiculatus Cranberry Cotoneaster
Cotoneaster congestus Pyrenees Cotoneaster
Cotoneaster dammeri Bearberry Cotoneaster
Cotoneaster horizontalis Rockspray Cotoneaster
Cotoneaster salicifolius Willowleaf Cotoneaster
Deutzia sp. Deutzia
Elaeagnus umbellatus Autumn Olive
Enkianthus campanulatus Redvein Enkianthus
Forsythia x intermedia Forsythia
Fothergila sp. Fothergillia
Halesia carolina Carolina Silverbell
Hamamelis virginiana Common Witchhazel
Hibiscus syriacus Rose of Sharon
Hippophae rhamnoides Sea Buckthorn
Hypericum prolificum St. John’s Wort
Ilex aquifolium English Holly
Ilex cornuta Chinese Holly
Ilex glabra Inkberry
Ilex verticillata Winterberry Holly
Itea virginica Virginia Sweetspire
Juniperus chinensis ‘Armstrongii’ Armstrong Juniper
Juniperus chinensis cv.* Chinese Juniper
Juniperus chinensis ‘Pfitzerana’ Pfitzer Juniper
Juniperus horizontalis cv.* Creeping Juniper
Juniperus horizontalis Youngstown Andorra Juniper
‘Youngstown’
Juniperus procumbens ‘Nana’ Japanese Garden Juniper
Juniperus sabin cv. Savin/Tam Juniper
Juniperus scopulorum cv.* Mountain Juniper
Juniperus squamata ‘Blue Star’ Blue Star Juniper
Juniperus squamata cv.* Singleseed Juniper
Kerria japonica Japanese Kerria
Kolkwitzia amabilis Beautybush
Lagerstroemia indica Crape Myrtle
Leucothoe axillaris Coast Leucothoe
Ligustrurn sp. Privet
Lindera benzoin Spicebush
Magnolia x soulangiana Saucer Magnolia
Osmanthus heterophyllus Holly Osmanthus
Philadelphus coronarius Sweet Mock Orange
Pinus mugo Mugo Pine
Prunus laurocerasus Cherry Laurel
Pyracantha coccinea Firethorn
Rhammus sp. Buckthorn
Ribes sp. Currant
Rubus sp. Brambles
Sambucus canadensis Blueberry Elder, Sweet Elder
Spiraea japonica Japanese Spirea
Spiraea prunifolia Bridalwreath Spirea
Spiraea x bumalda Anthony Waterer Spirea
Symphoricarpos albus Snowberry
Symphoricarpos x chenaultii Coralberry
Syringa reticulata Japanese Tree Lilac
Syringa vulgaris Common Lilac
Viburnum carlesii Koreanspice Viburnum
Viburnum opulus Cranberry Bush
Viburnum plicatum Doublefile Viburnum
tomentosurn
Viburnum prunifolium Blackhaw Viburnum
Viburnum rhytidophyllum Leatherleaf Viburnum
Viburnum x juddii Judd Viburnum
Weigela florida Weigela

Occasionally Severely Damaged
Cornus racemosa Panicled Dogwood
Cornus sanguinea Bloodtwig Dogwood
Corylopsis glabrescens Fragrant Winterhazel
Euonymus alata Winged Euonymus
Euonymus japonica Japanese Euonymus
Hydrangea arborescens Smooth Hydrangea
Hydrangea macrophylla Bigleaf Hydrangea
Hydrangea paniculata Panicle Hydrangea
Hydrangea quercifolia Oakleaf Hydrangea
Ilex crenata Japanese Holly
Ilex x meserveae Blue Holly
Juniperus conferta Shore Juniper
Kalmia latifolia Mountain Laurel
Nandina sp. Heavenly Bamboo
Prunus x cistena Purple Leaf Sand Cherry
Rhododendron carolinianum Carolina Rhododendron
Rhododendron catawbiense Catawba Rhododendron
Rhododendron maximum Rosebay Rhododendron
Rhododendron sp.* Deciduous Azaleas
Rosa multiflora Multiflora Rose
Rosa rugosa Rugosa Rose
Rosa x hybrid Hybrid Tea Rose
Syringa villosa Late Lilac
Syringa x chinesis Chinese Lilac
Syringa x persica Persian Lilac
Vaccinum corymbosum Highbush Blueberry

Frequently Severely Damaged
Euonymus fortunei Wintercreeper
Rhododendron penclymenoides Pinxterbloom Azalea
Rhododendron sp.* Evergreen Azaleas
Rhododendron sp.* Rhododendrons
Taxus sp. Yews

TREES
Rarely Damaged
Aesculus parviflora Bottlebrush Buckeye
Albizia julibrissin Mimosa
Asimina triloba Pawpaw
Betula nigra River Birch
Betula papyrifera Paper Birch
Cercidiphyllum japonicum Katsura Tree
Ilex opaca American Holly
Picea glauca ‘Conica’ Dwarf Alberta Spruce
Pinus resinosa Red Pine
Pinus rigida Pitch Pine
Pinus thunbergiana Japanese Black Pine
Seldom Severely Damaged
Acer griseurn Paperbark Maple
Acer palmatum Japanese Maple
Acer pensylvanicum Striped Maple
Acer rubrum Red Maple
Acer saccharum Sugar Maple
Aesculus x carnea Ruby Horsechestnut
Amelanchier arborea Downy Serviceberry
Amelanchier canadensis Shadbush
Amelanchier laevis Allegheny Serviceberry
Betula albo-sinensis Chinese Paper Birch
Betula jacquemontii Himalayan Birch
Betula lutea Yellow Birch
Betula pendula European White Birch
Chaenomeles speciosa Common Flowering Quince
Chamaecyparis pisifera Japanese Falsecypress
Chionanthus retusus Chinese Fringe Tree
Cornus kousa Kousa Dogwood
Crataegus laevigata English Hawthorn
Cryptomeria japonica Japanese Cedar
Fagus sylvatica European Beech
Fraximus pennsylvanica Green Ash
Fraxinus excelsior European Ash
Gleditsia triacanthos Honey Locust
Ilex x aquipernyi Dragon Lady, San Jose Holly
Juniperus virginiana Eastern Red Cedar
Koelreuteria paniculata Goldenrain Tree
Liriodendron tulipifera Tulip Tree
Metasequoia glyptostroboides Dawn Redwood
Oxydendrum arboreum Sourwood
Picea abies Norway Spruce
Picea glauca White Spruce
Picea omorika Serbian Spruce
Picea pungens Colorado Blue Spruce
Pinus densiflora Japanese Red Pine
Pinus nigra Austrian Pine
Pinus strobus Eastern White Pine
Pinus sylvestris Scotch Pine
Prunus serrulata Japanese Flowering Cherry
Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir
Salix matsudana tortuosa Corkscrew Willow
Sassafras albidurn Common Sassafras


Occasionally Severely Damaged
Abies balsamea Balsam Fir
Abies concolor White Fir
Abies fraseri Fraser Fir
Acer platanoides Norway Maple
Acer saccharinum Silver Maple
Aesculus hippocastanum Common Horsechestnut
Cedrus atlantica Atlas Cedar
Cercis canadensis Eastern Redbud
Chamaecyparis obtusa Hinoki Cypress
Chamaecyparis thyoides Atlantic White Cedar
Chionanthus virginicus White Fringe Tree
Cornus alternifolia Alternate-Leaved Dogwood
Cornus florida Flowering Dogwood
Cornus mas Cornelian Cherry
Cupressocyparis leyandii Leyland Cypress
Ilex pernyi Pernyi Holly
Ilex x ‘Nellie R. Stevens’ Nellie Stevens Holly
Larix decidua European Larch
Liquidambar styraciflua Sweetgum
Malus sp. Apples
Prunus avium Sweet Cherry
Pyrus calleryana Callery Pear
Pyrus communis Common Pear
Quercus alba White Oak
Quercus prinus Chestnut Oak
Quercus rubra Northern Red Oak
Rhus typhina Staghorn Sumac
Robinia pseudoacia Black Locust
Salix sp.* Willows
Taxodium distichum Bald Cypress
Thuja plicata Western Arborvitae
Tilia americana Basswood
Tilia cordata ‘Greenspire’ Greenspire Littleleaf Linden
Tsuga canadensis Eastern Hemlock
Tsuga caroliniana Carolina Hemlock


Frequently Severely Damaged
Prunus sp. Plums
Prunus sp.* Cherries
Sorbus aucuparia European Mountain Ash
Thuja occidentalis American Arborvitae


VINES
Seldom Severely Damaged
Celastrus scandens American Bittersweet
Jasminum nudiflorum Winter Jasmine
Wisteria floribunda Wisteria
Occasionally Severely Damaged
Campsis radicans Trumpet Creeper
Clematis sp. Clematis
Hedera helix English Ivy
Hydrangea anomala petiolaris Climbing Hydrangea
Lonicera x heckrottii Goldflame Honeysuckle
Parthenocissus quinquifolia Virginia Creeper

Frequently Severely Damaged
Euonymus fortunei Wintercreeper

Pedro Perdomo, Morris County Agricultural Agent
Peter Nitzsche, Morris County Agricultural Agent
David Drake, Ph.D., Extension Specialist in Wildlife Management
The following is a list of landscape plants rated according to their resistance to deer damage. The list was compiled with input from nursery and landscape professionals, Cooperative Extension personnel, and Master Gardeners in Northern
N.J. Special thanks to our cooperators on this project:
Helen Heinrich, Certified Landscape Architect; James Messina, Certified Landscape Architect, Landscape Plus;
Valerie Sudal, Garden Writer, The Newark Star-Ledger; and numerous landscapers, Master Gardeners, and
nurserymen who provided ratings.
*Check other rating categories to find additional species or cultivars of this genus.
© 2004 by Rutgers Cooperative Research & Extension, NJAES, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey.
Desktop publishing by Rutgers-Cook College Resource Center Revised: April 2003
RUTGERS COOPERATIVE RESEARCH & EXTENSION
N.J. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
RUTGERS, THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW JERSEY
NEW BRUNSWICK